After offering an overview of some of the main themes of Popper’s political thought, the paper argues that his account faces two problems relating to institutions. The first is that while Popper stresses the ‘rational unity of mankind’, and the potential for any of us to furnish criticisms of public policy, it is not clear what institutional means currently exist for this to enable this to take place. Second, Popper has stressed the conjectural character of even our best theories. However, at any point, some theories will have fared better in the face of criticism than others, and they may give us important information about constraints on our actions. At the same time, as ordinary citizens we may not be in a good position to understand the theories in question, let alone appraise the state of the specialised discussion of them. There is, it is suggested, a case for thinking of ways to institutionally entrench such fallible theories, especially in the current setting in which social media play an important role

The study's primary aim is to investigate the perception quality and its influencing factors in Iranian historic buildings. Visitors of different age groups have reported diverse sensations and perceptions when visiting these buildings. The research utilized a qualitative approach, specifically grounded theory, to explore the perception quality within historic buildings. The methodology involved an extensive literature review, interviews, and observational data collection. Subsequently, the data analysis included OPEN CODING, axial CODING, selective CODING, note-taking, and diagram development. The residential homes and shops in the Gowdal Mosalla neighborhood in Yazd were chosen as the theoretical sample for this study. Additionally, questionnaires were distributed to 42 architects to validate the qualitative research results. The findings indicated that the predominant experience in these buildings was the perception of tranquility associated with architectural principles. Moreover, the results suggested that architectural elements such as symmetry, proportions, and repetition, along with environmental and psychological factors including color and material types, significantly influenced overall perception. According to the findings, these architectural principles are linked to the perceived order of historic buildings, thereby contributing to the perception of tranquility.

According to social changes in global level, social scientist introduced new theories to explanation of social phenomena. According to appearance new theories, research methods have changed. The Idea is that, Simultaneity with Appearance post positivist theories, research approaches such a grounded theory has established. This method, acts in the base of qualitative methods and use systematic complex of multiple Procedures to gathering data for theory development upon induction. This method with characteristics as if flexibility, reflexivity, has caused many of researchers used it. In the present article, we paid to introduction of grounded theory and its critics.

The purpose of this study is conceptualization of Integrated Brand Engagement (IBE) through inductive approach based on data collected from interviewees in Iran automotive market. By using grounded theory for collecting the data; we theorize the process of shaping IBE. In this theory, the "Brand Equity" is the central phenomenon; “Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) " is causal conditions. The manifestation of central phenomenon expressed in a set of actions and interactions, which is referred to as “Customer Engagement". On the other hand, Integrated Brand Communication (IBC) (as context conditions) or Shareholders Engagement elements (as intervening conditions) will stabilize and expand such an engagement. The main consequence of this phenomenon is “Brand Engagement “leading to increasing the engagement of customers, staffs and shareholders and consequently the value of brand. These conditions cause all people who directly and/or indirectly are involved with brand to advocate the mentioned brand because they would have sense of belongingness and engagement to the brand even if they have not bought the product.

The aim of this research is to present a risk-based supervision model by the bank and credit institution supervisor. The statistical population includes all experts in the banking industry and our sampling method is a theoretical and targeted one(snow ball). For this purpose ten experts-experts and senior managers of the banking sector (central bank and banking network) and university professors-are selected and interviewed. Propositions and conceptual relationships of the phenomena that makeup the model are introduced, based on the grounded theory, after collection of organized data and inductive analysis of concepts derived from interviews, through OPEN cooling, axial CODING and selective CODING of categories. In addition, after reviewing the theoretical foundations and experiences of other countries, some effective components are included in the model. The results of the research represent 35 dimensions. Findings show that the lack of a clear definition of the supervision concept and its goals has caused stakeholders and actors to face different expectations of the concept of performance and the outcome of regulatory system. This issue leads to an inconsistency between the supervised organization, supervisory institution and decision-making authorities Also, the inadequacy of the monitoring in current situation, due to the retrospective nature of the existing monitoring framework, has placed satisfaction with the output of the current monitoring framework at a low level. Relying solely on the approach of comparative supervision and not paying attention to future risks and future forecasting, as well as the lack of a proper process and structure in applying supervision show the necessity of the risk-based supervision.

Grounded theory is one of the methods used in qualitative research. This is based on inductive approach. This methodology is an independent methodology that is used for immeasurable phenomena and is supposed as a context for analyzing data. In this method, after theoretical sampling, gathering and CODING and analyzing the data are performed simultaneously. Data analysis is done by OPEN CODING, axial CODING and selective CODING. Theoretical sampling continues on to theoretical saturation. In theoretical saturation, theory will be extracted from the saturated data. This article aims to introduce this methodology which can be used in social psychology, management, health and sociology. Introducing its potentials and research steps are the main goals of this paper.

One may say that The OPEN Society and Its Enemies (OS) offered in 1945 the first complete elaboration of the general approach proposed by Karl Popper, namely his ‘critical rationalism’, a bold generalization of the fallibilist falsificationism in the domain of the empirical sciences masterly proposed in Logik der Forschung (1934). The political content of The OS has been critically discussed. Nevertheless, not all people insist on the equally important moral dimension of the book, giving it its unity, I submit. Without morality, no critical discussion, no reason, no OPEN society, let us say in a nutshell. I would argue that according to Popper, a strictly Christian morality of love would not be the appropriate emotional companion of critical rationalism, but that the less demanding moral emotion of sympathy or compassion is perhaps necessary to give it its force against violence. I give some support to this line of argument. In my view, Popper proposed a somewhat unarticulated critical rationalist ‘emotivism’ of sorts. The emotion of compassion is necessary for triggering our moral decisions and values, which are the ultimate basis of the choice for a reason against violence.

The purpose of this study is to shape a key employee Characteristics and their appropriate management practice theory through Inductive approach based on data collected from interviewees in Medical Procurement Organization (MPO). In this theory, the "employee Characteristics" is the central phenomenon. Based on data collected from interviewees, key employee Characteristics could be categorized in Personality, Managerial, leadership and occupational groups. As well as Appropriate Hr practice could be categorized in recruitment and selection, training and development, performance management, compensation and reward and employee relation group. But, implementing these polices and practice require infrastructures such as hard (Suitable Plan, Systems, processes and structure) and soft (Skill and organizational culture) wares. At the end organizational productivity increase and organization will gain a sustainable competitive advantage.